Reuben Ruby
Daniel J. Middleton Daniel J. Middleton

Reuben Ruby

Learn about the life and legacy of Reuben Ruby, a prominent 19th-century African American leader, abolitionist, and entrepreneur.

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Mary Ellen Pleasant
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Mary Ellen Pleasant

Mary Ellen Pleasant was a self-made millionaire and leading abolitionist who rose to fame and suffered infamy in San Francisco.

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Paul Cuffee
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Paul Cuffee

Paul Cuffee spearheaded the first back-to-Africa movement in the U.S. at the turn of the nineteenth century and became the first free black American to meet with a sitting president at the White House.

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Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
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Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton was a land promoter and black nationalist who led thousands of blacks west during the post-Reconstruction era in what was called the Great Migration.

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Martin Delany
Page 1 Daniel J. Middleton Page 1 Daniel J. Middleton

Martin Delany

We look at the life of abolitionist, physician, and newspaper editor Martin Delany, the acknowledged father of black nationalism and the first black field officer appointed by the Union Army.

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